The results on the Smarter Balanced assessments, the centerpiece of the California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress, or CAASPP , were released on Sept. 9 and showed the vast achievement gaps that decades of education reforms have failed to close. In a series of interviews, EdSource Executive Director Louis Freedberg interviewed several leading education experts about the continuing gap — and what additional reforms are needed to narrow or close it. Part Five is with Marshall Smith, former undersecretary of education in the Clinton administration and senior counselor to U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan in the Obama Administration. Smith, a former dean of the Stanford Graduate School of Education, also initiated the landmark Getting Down to Facts Project, which examined school finance and governance in California while he was director of education at the Hewlett Foundation. Among numerous books and articles, he co-authored with Christopher Jencks and others the landmark 1972 text, Inequality: A Reassessment of the Impact of Family and Schooling in America.
In light of the continuing achievement gap, did the accountability approach to education reform work?
The accountability approach didn’t work at all, particularly since 2005, during the period when No Child Left Behind was being fully implemented. This is Newton’s third law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. By pushing the notion of accountability so hard, we have created all sorts of problems, which are reflected in the narrowing of the curriculum and the misbehavior of teachers who felt they had to get these scores right. As a result of this, the rate of gain has slowed down over the last decade.
There are many determinatives of this. So it is hard to be definitive about whether something has worked or not. But the notion that there is a magic bullet, that one thing can change the entire system, is probably wrong.
California prides itself on its diversity and is a progressive state. Latinos are in positions of power. But this has not translated into policies that have led to a significant change in the achievement gap.
There has been some movement. If you look at scores on the NAEP in 4th-grade reading between 1998 and 2013, white kids (in California) gained 15 points, from 217 to 232. That is almost a grade and a half gain, which is considerable. Hispanics gained by 22 points, going from 178 to 201. They are still 30 points behind, but they gained 8 points (on white students). So they closed the gap by a considerable amount. That is almost a grade-level gain. Black kids went from 188 to 202. That was only a 14 point gain, which is almost the same gain that white students made, so you don’t have any closing of the black-white gap.
But most of the gains came between 1998 and 2005, and then slowed between 2006 and 2013, when the accountability reforms were being fully implemented.
To what extent do you think the accountability reforms of the past 15 years have been piecemeal, and did not deal with underlying issues?
Many of them have been piecemeal. The people who talk about reforms often don’t think in a coherent way about the overall picture. Take a reform like teacher evaluation. Those promoting it think that it is going to solve all the problems. There is no way it is going to do that. You need a system that produces better-trained teachers than we had before. That is going to happen with better pre-service training, and after they are in the classroom. Being a teacher is a complicated job.
When you are dealing with a complex phenomenon, and you introduce one change, you need to think about a set of changes that influences the overall effort. The notion that “let’s do one thing,” like teacher evaluation or reducing class size by 5 students, these are marginal things that may or may not help at all. If they are pushed like the teacher evaluation idea, they may even have negative effects.
You have said there isn’t a magic bullet, but in your writing you have also have pointed to the multiple strategies that are needed, including more systemic reforms. Is it feasible for schools and districts to do all of these things?
There is no question that it is not easy. It takes time — sustained, focused time. But there are examples of places doing all of these things. Places like Long Beach and Garden Grove, and to some extent Ontario (Canada) and Massachusetts, make it very clear that you need sustained attention to improvement. Without that kind of attention you are not going to implement these interventions in a thoughtful way, whether it is someone coming in to do reading recovery, or getting kids motivated more, or social emotional learning.
You have to get the organization working well in order to make the interventions work well, and that is a real trick. Without that, you can’t introduce these interventions and expect anything positive. You will be disappointed.
Is California moving in the right direction?
I think so, but it is going to take some time and effort.
Gov. Brown is moving very fast. There are a lot of things happening, but there is a lot to implement, and a lot for teachers to learn. You can’t expect any real change in any of this for four years at least. You have to give him time.
The governor is not creating a lot of new requirements. We have begun to create an atmosphere in the state to give support to districts rather than telling them what to do in minute detail. That is going well. There is good planning going on for the teacher reforms that need to happen. There is the sense in the state of a commitment to continuous improvement, which is something that was never heard five years ago. A lot of people are confused about what exactly that is, but it is being talked about in Sacramento, and county offices are working hard to make this work.
What does continuous improvement mean?
It says that whatever the important things you are doing, you can do better, and you need ways of assessing how well you are doing. One of the things we have going for us across the country is that we have a better set of data systems than we ever had before.
What is happening in Fresno is a classic example of a continuous improvement effort. It is all based around data. They wanted to get more kids graduating, and more kids through the A-to-G course sequence. They found out that it wasn’t just one thing that stopped those things from happening; it was a lot of things. You have to get out there ahead of the problem and address them systematically and as soon as they arise. With a whole system of supports and course assignments, Garden Grove did continuous improvement with their teachers. People see it working in one part of the system and then it spreads to other parts of the system. It is not rocket science. It is changing people’s behavior.
We are now in the hard work stage. Now we have to do the real hard work of implementation. If it is done in a sustained way, it will have a big payoff in California.
How long will it take ?
I am 78 now. I hope to live to see it.
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Gary Ravani 8 years ago8 years ago
From the introduction to the interview: "The results on the Smarter Balanced assessments, the centerpiece of the California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress, or CAASPP , were released on Sept. 9 and showed the vast achievement gaps that decades of education reforms have failed to close." I am more than a little surprised to see a statement of this kind. EdSource has certainly done enough articles on the fact that this first series of tests … Read More
From the introduction to the interview:
“The results on the Smarter Balanced assessments, the centerpiece of the California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress, or CAASPP , were released on Sept. 9 and showed the vast achievement gaps that decades of education reforms have failed to close.”
I am more than a little surprised to see a statement of this kind. EdSource has certainly done enough articles on the fact that this first series of tests are just a “base level.” There are any number of factors involved in the latest scores that, potentially, have nothing to do with the alleged “achievement gap.” Lack of familiarity with the test format, computerized responses, being too early in CCSS implementation are just scraping the surface of those factors.
I found most of what Mr. Smith had to say quite reasonable. What I don’t find reasonable is the fact that he was a chief advisor to Arne Duncan. The USDE under Duncan put the “accountability approach,” that Mr. Smith criticizes (quite rightly), on steroids and only made the fundamental problems with NCLB worse, with the negative consequential effects Mr. Smith then goes on the iterate.
woodstocksez 8 years ago8 years ago
But looks like maybe his book referenced in the intro takes that on.
woodstocksez 8 years ago8 years ago
And nowhere do I see mention of the elephant in the room. All of this is nice and probably useful, but its effect cannot outweigh the effect of family, community and culture. Any achievement gap does not exist – or persist – because of failures on the part of schools, teachers and pedagogical approach. It is primarily a consequence of influences associated with those other three.